nixonland16
ABBREVIATIONS
BPP: Berrigan Brothers Papers, Cornell University Special Collections, Ithaca, New York
CDN: Chicago Daily News
CT: Chicago Tribune
LAT: Los Angeles Times
LBJCR: “Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration, 1963–1969: A collection from the holdings of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas” (microfilm)
MIP: Files on the events of 1970 collected by Maurice Isserman, in possession of author
MTR: Museum of Television and Radio, New York City
NLT: Nixon Library Tapes transcribed by author, National Archives, College Park, Maryland
NYDN: New York Daily News
NYT: New York Times
NYTM: New York Times Magazine
PDP: Paul Douglas Papers, Chicago History Museum
PDP722: Douglas Papers, Part I, Box 722, 1966 folder
PPP: Public Papers of the Presidents
RNLB: Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, Yorba Linda, California
USNWR: U.S. News & World Report
WP: Washington Post
WSJ: Wall Street Journal
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: WINNING
328 After Chicago, Humphrey: “Will HHH Come in Third?” Newsweek, September 23, 1968.
328 Chicago police raid on McCarthy headquarters: David Farber, Chicago ’68 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 201. “We ought to quit pretending”: Letters, Newsweek, September 9, 1968. “Nothing would bring the real peaceniks”: Theodore H. White, Making of the President 1968 (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 317.
329 “I am not going to barricade myself”: Joe McGinniss, The Selling of the President (New York: Penguin, 1970), 62. He began his general election: Newsweek, September 23, 1968.
329 Bob Haldeman had it game-planned: Jules Witcover and Jack Germond, Whose Broad Stripes and Bright Stars?: The Trivial Pursuit of the Presidency, 1988 (New York: Warner Books, 1989, 55; Jules Witcover, No Way to Pick a President (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999), 55; Robert Shogan, Bad News: Where the Press Goes Wrong in the Making of the President (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2001), 40.
329 Nixon’s briefing book: Jeffrey Bell, “The Candidate and the Briefing Book,” Weekly Standard, February 5, 2001. With Prussian efficiency: Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origin of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 333. Even the elephant: Shogan, Bad News, 55.
329 “three-bump interviews”: Stanley Kutler, The Wars of Watergate: The Last Crisis of Richard Nixon (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 70. “astounded torpor”: Lewis Chester, Bruce Page, and Godfrey Hodgson, American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (New York: Viking, 1969), 689. Humphrey’s biggest financial backer: Interview with Molly Ivins.
329 “He moved easily”: Newsweek, September 23, 1968.
330 Nixon TV panel shows: McGinniss, Selling of the President, 58–73.
330 In Charlotte, North Carolina: Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 214.
332 “he’s a bore, a pain in the ass”: McGinniss, Selling of the President, 103–4. McLuhan excerpts: Ibid., 90–96.
333 “Sock it to me?!”: Elizabeth Kolbert, “Stooping to Conquer,” New Yorker, April 19, 2004.
333 Nixon’s TV spots were groundbreaking: McGinniss, Selling of the President, 81–121. See Nixon’s 1968 commercials at http://livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us/.
334 NBC, with its flagship evening news show: Farber, Chicago ’68, 251; McGinniss, Selling of the President, 50; Lewis Z. Koch interview.
335 “The truth was, these were our children”: “In the Nation: The Question at Chicago,” NYT, September 1, 1968. “In Chicago,” Stewart Alsop wrote: Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time: From World War II to Nixon—What Happened and Why (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), 372]http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0691122881/ref=sibdpsrchpop?v=search-inside&keywords=alsop+fascism&go.x=0&go.y=0&go=Go%21#. telegram to Mayor Daley: [Ibid.
335 Editorial on the International Amphitheatre: CDN, August 23, 1968. National Rifle Association: CDN, August 29, 1968. “the closer one gets to the campus scene”: CDN, August 28, 1968. They turned their letters section over: CDN, September 4, 1968.
336 Hard-nosed Chicago newsmen: Lewis Z. Koch interview.
336 Mayor Daley proclaimed: Farber, Chicago ’68, 252. WE SUPPORT MAYOR DALEY: Hodgson, America in Our Time, 373]http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0691122881/ref=sibdpsrchpop?v=search-inside&keywords=alsop+fascism&go.x=0&go.y=0&go=Go%21#). Letters to City Hall: CDN, September 6, 1968.
336 “Perhaps he had been called”: [Hodgson, America in Our Time, 273.
337 The editor of the Chicago Daily News: Ibid.
337 Jack Mabley: Chester, Page, and Hodgson, American Melodrama, 594.
337 “They had been united”: Hodgson, America in Our Time, 273.
337 Frank Shakespeare fantasized aloud: McGinniss, Selling of the President, 59–60. Nixon gave a speech on his conception: Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 131. Walter Lippmann, Kenneth Crawford, Joseph Kraft: Jonathan Schell, The Time of Illusion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), 20. Theodore White: Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 21. Norman Mailer: Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 67.
338 A Nixon campaign commercial: http://livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us/.
339 New York’s new Panthers: Michael Newton, Bitter Grain: Huey Newton and the Black Panther Party (Los Angeles: Holloway House, 1980), 173–77. Four days later J. Edgar Hoover: Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, eds., The Cointelpro Papers: Documents from the FBI’s Secret War Against Dissent (Boston: South End Press, 2002), 123. On September 10, Huey Newton: Hugh Pearson, Shadow of a Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994), 168. The next day, Berkeley: Ibid., 169.
339 In Detroit and Ann Arbor, Michigan: Jeff A. Hale, “The White Panthers’ ‘Total Assault on the Culture,’” in Peter Braunstein and Michael William Doyle, eds., Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and ’70s (New York: Routledge, 2001), 124–56.
339 In July and August, a group of right-wing: “Japanese Agency in City Is Bombed,” NYT, July 8, 1968; “Police Unit Hunts Bomb Suppliers; Acts After 8th Blast Rocks Midtown Foreign Offices,” NYT, July 11, 1968; “4 Travel Agencies and Shell Offices Bombed on Coast,” NYT, July 20, 1968; “Bookshop Bombed in Union Square,” NYT, July 22, 1968; “Bomb Explodes at Grove Press,” NYT, July 27, 1968; “3 Cubans Hunted in Coast Bombing,” NYT, August 1, 1968; “Japanese Bank in Waldorf Bombed,” NYT, August 4, 1968. On August 13, state troopers: “Arms Linked to Anti-Castroites Found on a North Jersey Farm,” NYT, August 14, 1968. Eleven days later, in Connecticut: “Pacifists at Connecticut Farm Consider Leaving After Minutemen’s Attack,” NYT, August 26, 1968.
340 A Harris poll: Frederick G. Dutton, Changing Sources of Power: American Politics in the 1970s (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971), 22; Richard Scammon and Ben Wattenberg, The Real Majority: An Extraordinary Examination of the American Electorate (New York: Coward McCann, 1980), 96.
340 Labor Day weekend in Atlantic City: Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), 93.
340 “We need some meanness”: Dutton, Changing Sources of Power, 96. “Never again will you read”: Carter, Politics of Rage, 365–66. A North Carolina political analyst: Newsweek, September 23, 1968.
341 “Now let’s get serious a minute”: Carter, Politics of Rage, 362. Wallace’s aides met some of their organizers: Ibid., 342. News crews started bringing: Ibid., 362.
341 Wallace in Newark: Ron Porambo, No Cause for Indictment: An Autopsy of Newark (New York: Holt, 1971), 272. In Columbia, Illinois: Interview with David Roediger. The AFL-CIO and Chicago steelworker polls: Carter, Politics of Rage, 352.
341 “Nixon is just like the national Democrats”: Ibid., 334.
341 Warning Southerners off Wallace consumed: McGinniss, Selling of the President, chapter 10.
342 Thurmond Speaks for Nixon-Agnew Committee: Jack Bass and Marilyn Thompson, Ol’ Strom: An Unauthorized Biography of Strom Thurmond (Atlanta: Longstreet Press, 1998), 232; Arjen Westerhoff, “Politics of Protest: Strom Thurmond and the Development of the Republican Southern Strategy, 1948–1972” (M.A. thesis, American Studies Program, Smith College, 1991).
342 Humphrey had a Southern strategy: Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 232.
342 Elsewhere, the commercials: http://livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us.
343 First, in 1967: William Martin, Prophet with Honor: The Bill Graham Story (New York: Harper Perennial, 1992), 354. Graham seated him in the VIP: Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 72. Shortly before Election Day: Martin, Prophet with Honor, 354. Graham, Nixon’s research showed: McGinniss, Selling of the President, 124.
343 That supposed nullity, Spiro Agnew: Carter, Politics of Rage, 332. Time on Muskie: “Remember Maine,” September 24, 1954; “Humphrey’s Polish Yankee,” September 6, 1968. Late in September, Muskie: Carter, Politics of Rage, 351.
343 The Washington Post called it: “Muskie—from Jeers to Cheers,” WP, September 26, 1968.
344 Agnew’s gaffes: Jules Witcover, White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew (New York: Random House, 1972), 3, 198; Chester, Page, and Hodgson, American Melodrama, 718. Lindsay on Agnew: McGinniss, Selling of the President, 55. Humphrey Agnew commercial: Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 237.
344 Agnew called Humphrey “soft”: “Will HHH Come in Third?” Newsweek, September 23, 1968.
344 “Senator Thurmond Speaks for Nixon-Agnew” commercials: Carter, Politics of Rage, 363; Reg Weaver and Hal Gulliver, The Southern Strategy (New York: Scribner, 1971), 1; Bass and Thompson, Ol’ Strom, 232.
345 Hubert Humphrey phoned Lyndon Johnson: United States Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1964–1968, Volume VII, Vietnam, September 1968–January 1969, Document 39, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/vii/21591.htm.
345 Johnson conversation with Nixon: Ibid., Document 38.
346 Nixon already had it on secret authority: Christopher Hitchens, The Trial of Henry Kissinger (New York: Verso, 2001), 6–18.
346 Even more important were the atmospherics: Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 239.
346 On October 9, he ran an ad: Ibid., 252. Another ad showed Nixon: Ibid., 242.
346 IF YOU MEAN IT: Ibid., 240. Humphrey started rising in the polls: Stephen C. Shadegg, Winning’s a Lot More Fun (New York: Macmillan, 1969), 3.
347 Humphrey campaign funding crisis: Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 234.
347 Wallace running-mate deliberations: Carter, Politics of Rage, 355.
348 Bunker Hunt and “rainy day” fund: Ibid., 336.
348 LeMay press conference: Ibid., 357–60.
349 on the ballot in all fifty states: Michael Barone, Our Country: The Shaping of America from Roosevelt to Reagan (New York: Free Press, 1990), 734. Socialist Labor Party v. Rhodes: http://supreme.justia.com/us/393/23/case.html.
349 In his last campaign, in 1962: Fawn Brodie, Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 457–58; Frank S. Jonas, Political Dynamiting (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1970), 233.
349 A heckler shouted, “Humphrey!”: Schell, Time of Illusion, 21. As for HHH himself: Ibid.
349 Then, Nixon joined Agnew: Ibid. The campaign monitored crime figures: McGinniss, Selling of the President, 11; Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency, 11. VOTE LIKE YOUR WHOLE LIFE DEPENDED ON IT: Ibid., 275; Shadegg, Winning’s a Lot More Fun, 3; McGinniss, Selling of the President, 49.
351 Election Day: White, Making of the President 1968.
354 Max Rafferty’s loss: David Shaw obituary, LAT, August 2, 2005.