nixonland20
ABBREVIATIONS
BPP: Berrigan Brothers Papers, Cornell University Special Collections, Ithaca, New York
CDN: Chicago Daily News
CT: Chicago Tribune
LAT: Los Angeles Times
LBJCR: “Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration, 1963–1969: A collection from the holdings of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas” (microfilm)
MIP: Files on the events of 1970 collected by Maurice Isserman, in possession of author
MTR: Museum of Television and Radio, New York City
NLT: Nixon Library Tapes transcribed by author, National Archives, College Park, Maryland
NYDN: New York Daily News
NYT: New York Times
NYTM: New York Times Magazine
PDP: Paul Douglas Papers, Chicago History Museum
PDP722: Douglas Papers, Part I, Box 722, 1966 folder
PPP: Public Papers of the Presidents
RNLB: Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, Yorba Linda, California
USNWR: U.S. News & World Report
WP: Washington Post
WSJ: Wall Street Journal
CHAPTER TWENTY: THE PRESIDENTIAL OFFENSIVE
412 Ronald Reagan’s administration prepared: Tolson to DeLoach, July 17, 1969, http://sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/documents/6b1.shtml.
412 Senator Sam Ervin, the North Carolina: Karl E. Campbell, “Senator Sam Ervin and
the Army Spy Scandal of 1970–1971: Balancing National Security and Civil Liberties in a Free Society,” Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission, http://www.cmhpf.org/senator%20sam%20ervin.htm.
412 The Nixon administration tapped: Stanley Kutler, The Wars of Watergate: The Last Crisis of Richard Nixon (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 121. Soon, one thousand undercover: Christopher H. Pyle, “CONUS Intelligence: The Army Watches Civilian Politics,” Washington Monthly, January 1970.
412 On May 14, the attorney general: Jonathan Schell, The Time of Illusion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), 60.
413 “Our inside information”: Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 311.
413 When Nixon learned that the IRS: Stanley Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 105, 107. The IRS’s Activist Organizations Committee: Ibid., 325; Anthony Lukas, Nightmare: The Underside of the Nixon Years (New York: Viking, 1976), 22.
413 The government possessed wiretaps: Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 123. Lawyers howled that the chief: Schell, Time of Illusion, 38. The FBI had been saying it since: David Farber, Chicago ’68 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 110.
413 Students for a Democratic Society held: Wells, War Within, 303–5. The Weathermen withdrew: Peter B. Levy, ed., America in the Sixties—Left, Right, and Center: A Documentary History (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998), 233–38. In August some met: Jeremy Varon, Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 151.
414 “Those anarchists will be in jail”: Anthony Lukas, The Barnyard Epithet and Other Obscenities: Notes on the Chicago Trial (New York: HarperCollins, 1970), 2. Bobby Seale and Charles Garry: Contempt: Transcript of the Contempt Citations, Sentences, and Responses of the Chicago Conspiracy 10 (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1970), 1–37.
415 Prosecutor Schlutz began his opening: John Schultz, The Chicago Conspiracy Trial (New York: De Capo Press, 1993), 115.
415 On October 3, the Chicago police: “2 Cops Hurt in Disorder,” CT, October 4, 1969. Three days later, out in California: “The Case of Angela the Red,” Time, October 17, 1969.
415 “Days of Rage”: Varon, Bringing the War Home, 61–62, 74–83; Lewis Z. Koch interview.
416 “5 Cops and City Aide Beaten and Bitten by Women Rioters”: CT, October 10, 1969&edition=&startpage=9&desc=5+Cops+and+City+Aid+Beaten+and+Bitten+by+Women+Rioters). “I don’t blame the Chicago police”: Varon, Bringing the War Home, 83.
416 “We’re not trying to end wars”: Ibid., 108. Other left-wing reactions: Ibid., 85–86.
417 In June, 47 percent: Reeves, President Nixon, 135.
417 Clergy and Laymen Concerned About Vietnam: Wells, War Within, 294. In 1967, in response to student riots: “Ire Against Fire,” Time, November 3, 1967. Now he told the divines: Wells, War Within, 295.
417 In late August the army announced: Reeves, President Nixon, 127.
417 In its June 27 issue: “The Faces of the American Dead in Vietnam: One Week’s Toll,” Life, June 27, 1969. The next week the Senate: Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 156. Women Strike for Peace picketed: Wells, War Within, 294. A book called Truth Is the First Casualty: Publishers Weekly, September 1, 1969, 5. Another retired marine: “William Corson, Marine, Author,” obituary, LAT, July 24, 2000.
418 It was the idea of a Boston envelope: Wells, War Within, 328.
418 The first press release: David Mixner, Stranger Among Friends (New York: Bantam, 1996), 81. Nixon issued a dictate: Wells, War Within, 349. That was the conversation starter: Ibid., 364.
419 “I call it the madman theory”: Ibid., 290.
419 “the only time to lose your temper”: Fawn Brodie, Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), 48.
419 Privately, since 1966: Leonard Garment, Crazy Rhythm: From Brooklyn and Jazz to Nixon’s White House, Watergate, and Beyond (New York: Crown, 1997), 86.
419 Hanoi responded to his May 14: Reeves, President Nixon, 80. In July, via secret channels: Ibid., 106; Wells, War Within, 355. Publicly, he announced the Nixon Doctrine: Reeves, President Nixon, 104.
419 Ho Chi Minh, on his deathbed: William Burr and Jeffrey Kimball, “Nixon’s Nuclear Ploy,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, January/February 2003. In September the NSC began planning: Wells, War Within, 357. North Vietnam’s dikes protected: A. J. Langguth, Our Vietnam: The War, 1954–1975 (New York: Touchstone, 2000), 440, 446; “A Nation Coming into Its Own,” Time, April 25, 2005. “I can’t believe,” Henry Kissinger said”: Reeves, Richard Nixon, 135.
420 Defense Secretary Laird didn’t even know: Burr and Kimball, “Nixon’s Nuclear Ploy.” Some possibilities Nixon shared : Reeves, President Nixon, 135.
420 Bud Wilkinson: Wells, War Within, 349.
420 Notre Dame and Michigan presidents: Ibid., 301, 339.
420 The New York Times printed the testimony: “Nixon Said to Plan Pullout of 35,000 and Draft Shift,” NYT, September 14, 1969.
421 Presidential Offensive: Schell, Time of Illusion, 67. The president’s approval rating: Reeves, President Nixon, 145. A Yale professor read a paper: Reeves, President Nixon, 122. Brawls at sociologists’ and psychologists’ conventions: “Radicals Chide ‘Uptight’ Sociologists on the Coast,” NYT, September 5, 1969; “Radicals Disrupt Psychologists’ Parley,” NYT, September 2, 1969. A humiliating book, The Selling of the President: See Time bestseller lists, December 12 and 19, 1969. The New York Times heralded it: “Nixon TV Adviser on Standby Call,” NYT, September 21, 1969.
421 Then Nixon ordered HEW: Reeves, President Nixon, 119. NAACP ad: “The Blacks: Nixon Doesn’t Pierce the Barrier,” NYT, September 21, 1969.
421 “Cool it, Leon!”: Reeves, President Nixon, 118.
421 “Doesn’t he understand Nixon promised”: Pete McClosky op-ed, San Francisco Chronicle, December 19, 2002.
421 Nixon announced his replacement: Reeves, President Nixon, 120. On September 8, flying back: Ibid., 124.
422 In San Francisco, slogans: Ibid. 121. Back in Washington, he read: “Kissinger Staff Resignations Show Flaw in Nixon Method,” WP, September 16, 1969. Newsweek, Time, USNWR: Reeves, President Nixon, 134. David Broder would soon file a column: “A Risky New American Sport,” WP, October 7, 1969.
422 The president dictated eight memos: Schell, Time of Illusion, 64. As one of the big syndicated columnists: Reeves, President Nixon, 103.
422 Senator Birch Bayh (D-Ind.) dug: Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 146. On Saturday, September 20, Nixon: Reeves, President Nixon, 128–29; ]Wells, War Within, 318, 321, 342.](http://books.google.com/books?id=gR8iHRUaOsIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=war+within&sig=ACfU3U1bIzJWWmsCPlmENVFKctZ5hq3V8w#PPA342,M1)
423 On September 26 he held his first: “Nixon Asks U.S. Unity for Peace,” WP, September 27, 1969; Reeves, President Nixon, 130.
423 The remark was the next day’s: Wells, War Within, 352.
423 Newsweek reported, “Originally”: Mixner, Stranger Among Friends, 91.
423 America should withdraw, they said: “Six Rand Experts Support Pullout,” NYT, October 9, 1969.
424 The New Yorker, in the issue: Christian Appy, Working Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 271. The anti-antiwar side fought back: See October 15, 1969, ads in NYT, 28, WP, 23, and LAT, 18.
424 Life called it “the largest expression”: Jerry Lembcke, The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory, and the Legacy of Vietnam (New York: NYU Press, 1998), 45.
424 Moratorium description: Wells, War Within, 371–75; Bill Moyers interview; “Anti-Vietnam Views Unite Generations,” WP, October 16, 1969; Jack Newfield, Bread and Roses, Too (New York: Dutton, 1971), 153; Schell, Time of Illusion, 53; Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 79.
426 Charleston, West Virginia’s police chief: Lembcke, Spitting Image, 54.
426 In Blackwood, New Jersey, Craig Badiali: Eliot Asinof, Craig and Joan: Two Lives for Peace (New York: Viking, 1971).
426 The MIT student newspaper: MIT Tech, October 21, 1969, http://wwwtech.mit.edu/
archives/VOL089/TECHV089S0384P004.pdf.
426 The conspiracy to sabotage it: Wells, War Within, 310–13, 350–53, 375. Casey, Nixon, and Council on Foreign Relations: Joseph E. Persico, Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey: From the OSS to the CIA (New York: Penguin, 1991), 115–25, 126–32. In September, the Pentagon sent them: Mary Hershberger, Jane Fonda’s War: A Political Biography of an Antiwar Icon (New York: New Press, 2005); Chicago Sun-Times, Februay 13–18, 1971.
427 The vice president demanded the Moratorium’s leaders: Wells, War Within, 366.
427 Jack Caulfield was sent out: Reeves, President Nixon, 134. Two new White House aides: Wells, War Within, 350. “How tragic, too, Kennedy’s professed”: Letters, Time, October 10, 1969. “only orally”: Bruce Oudes, ed., From: The President: Richard Nixon’s Secret Files (New York: HarperCollins, 1989), 44–45.
427 He pledged to “destroy Griffin”: John Anthony Maltese, The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 74. The political wisdom of press-baiting: “The Fourth Estate: A Time–Louis Harris Poll,” Time, September 5, 1969.
428 That same day the president: “Nixon Relieving Hershey as Chief of Draft System,” NYT, October 11, 1969. Randy Dicks had written: Reeves, President Nixon, 137; Wells, War Within, 353–54.
428 On Moratorium Day, the aides recruited: Ibid., 375.
428 Canceling Duck Hook and nuclear alert: Ibid., 357; Burr and Kimball, “Nixon’s Nuclear Ploy.”
429 White House “New Mobe” planning: Wells, War Within, 379–83.
430 “Americans are confused and uncertain”: Reeves, President Nixon, 138.
430 He was still sufficiently low: See, for instance, speeches in John R. Coyne, ed., The Impudent Snobs: Agnew vs. the Intellectual Establishment (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1972),, 184-247. For New Orleans, his speechwriter: Jules Witcover, White Knight: The Rise of Spiro Agnew (New York: Random House, 1972), 304–5.
430 On October 8 and 11: Ibid., 302–3.
430 “Sometimes it appears”: Coyne, ed., Impudent Snobs, 248.
431 Chairman Rogers Morton: Witcover, White Knight, 307.
431 “Now we have to take the offensive”: Wells, War Within, 366.
431 “Some Americans will die tonight”: “Reagan Endorses Holton, Chides Vietnam Protestors,” WP, October 24, 1969.
432 “I admonish you, sir”: John Schultz, The Chicago Conspiracy Trial (New York: De Capo Press, 1993), 60.
432 Bob Hope said he’d seen Mickey Mouse: “Agnew: He’s Beginning to Emerge as a Figure in His Own Right,” NYT, July 13, 1969.
432 “A little over a week ago”: Witcover, White Knight, 308; Coyne, ed., Impudent Snobs, 257–61.
433 The tone was gentle, grandfatherly: PPP 425, November 3, 1969.
435 Virginia elected its first Republican: “Holton, the Brand New Governor,” WP, November 5, 1969. In New Jersey, a Republican: Jack Newfield, Bread and Roses, Too (New York: Dutton, 1971), 187; Robert Mason, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 67.
435 In the cities mayoral candidates: Ibid., 68; Richard Scammon and Ben Wattenberg, The Real Majority: An Extraordinary Examination of the American Electorate (New York: Coward McCann, 1980), 230. In New York John Lindsay: Ibid., 113, 224, 254; Vincent J. Cannato, The Ungovernable City: John Lindsay and the Battle to Save New York (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 389–441; “The Battle for New York,” Time, October 3, 1969.
436 Jack Newfield, writing in Life: Scammon and Wattenberg, Real Majority, 244. Fifty thousand telegrams and thirty thousand letters: Reeves, President Nixon, 145. In an instant poll: Ibid., 144.
436 One betting line: Newfield, Bread and Roses, 156.
436 Transcripts of network analysts: James Keogh, President Nixon and the Press (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1972), 171–91.
437 The White House was “shotgunning”: Kutler, Wars of Watergate, 176; Schell, Time of Illusion, 55, 109.
437 Dean Burch beforehand asked for transcripts: Reeves, President Nixon, 145.
437 “Let Agnew go after”: Reeves, President Nixon, 147.
438 The idea came together quickly: Ibid., 147–48; Schell, Time of Illusion, 67–68; Barry Goldwater, Conscience of a Majority (New York: Prentice Hall, 1970), 170.
438 “Monday night, a week ago”: Coyne, ed., Impudent Snobs, 265–70.
438 Thomas Jefferson used to lay out: John Nichols, keynote speech at “Constru(ct)ing the Current: Theorizing Media in a New Millennium” (conference, University of Chicago, May 14, 2004).
439 Cronkite, Stanton, Goodman, Braden, and Mankiewicz responses: Goldwater, Conscience of a Majority, 172; Coyne, ed., Impudent Snobs, 7–8. Ambassador Harriman himself said: “Humphrey Scores Agnew,” NYT, November 18, 1969.
440 Conspicuously absent were: Reeves, President Nixon, 149.
440 New Mobe description: Richard Kleindienst, Justice: The Memoirs of Attorney General Richard Kleindienst (Ottawa, IL: Jameson Books, 1985); Wells, War Within, 392–95; Varon, Bringing the War Home, 116–34.
440 “gunfire was not only justified”: Editorial, Washington Star, June 11, 1970. Three days earlier: Varon, Bringing the War Home, 117. “Corporations have made us into insane”: “Letter to Times on Bombings Here,” NYT, November 12, 1969.
441 A series of newspaper articles: Reporting Vietnam: American Journalism, 1959-1975 (New York: Library of America, 2000), 413–27; Michal R. Belknap, The Vietnam War on Trial: The My Lai Massacre and Court-Martial of Lieutenant Calley (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 117–20.
441 That night, Spiro Agnew: Coyne, ed., Impudent Snobs, 270–74. He lied; actually the Times: “House Leaders Push for Vote Next Week on Pro-Nixon Vietnam Resolution,” NYT, November 6, 1969; “House Unit Backs Nixon on Vietnam,” NYT, November 7, 1969; “Senators Back Cease-Fire Plea,” November 8, 1969; see also “Nixon, in a Visit, Thanks Congress for War Support,” NYT, November 14, 1969.
441 The next Hersh article: Reporting Vietnam: American Journalism 1959–1975 (New York: Library of America, 2000), 413–27.
442 Senator Ernest “Fritz” Hollings: Olson and Roberts, eds., My Lai, 167.
442 The senator was contradicted: Ibid.
442 “During World War II, Calley”: Interview with Heather Parton.
442 The New York Times reported: Olson and Roberts, eds., My Lai, 179–81. A bumper sticker began appearing: “G.O.P., Aided by Agnew, Surges in South,” NYT, December 7, 1969.
442 The next week the My Lai pictures: “The Massacre at Mylai sic],” Life, December 5, 1969. Time’s essay began: ]“My Lai: An American Tragedy,” Time, December 5, 1969.
442 Man-on-the-street interviews began: Seymour Hersh, My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1970), 150–51.
443 On December 8 Richard Nixon: PPP 481, December 8, 1969.
443 The next day he traveled: CDN, December 10, 1969; PPP 482, December 9, 1969; “63 Arrsted, 8 Policemen Hurt as 3,000 Protest Nixon’s Visit,” NYT, December 10, 1969. “unverified”: Reeves, President Nixon, 154.
443 In Chicago, on December 4: “Attempted Murder Charge Eyed in Panthers Gun Fight,” CT, December 5, 1969.&edition=&startpage=3&desc=Attempted+Murder+Charge+Eyed+in+Panthers+Gun+Fight)
443 The murderers, allegedly: “2 Held, One Sought in Tate Murders,” NYT, December 2, 1969; “Grand Jury Votes to Hear Evidence in Tate Slaying,” NYT, December 3, 1969. The Times’s California correspondent”: “Suspects in Tate Case Tied to Guru and ‘Family,’” NYT, December 3, 1969; “Charlie Manson, Nomadic Guru, Flirted with Crime in a Turbulent Childhood,” NYT, December 7, 1969. The December 19 Life: “The Love and Terror Cult,” Life, December 19, 1969; “Could Your Daughter Kill?” Los Angeles magazine, February 1970, cited in Bust magazine, fall 2003.
444 CBS News ran a poll: Reeves, President Nixon, 154. Fifty-eight percent now said: Varon, Bringing the War Home, 147. Sixty-nine percent, in a third poll: Ibid., 150.