nixonland23
ABBREVIATIONS
BPP: Berrigan Brothers Papers, Cornell University Special Collections, Ithaca, New York
CDN: Chicago Daily News
CT: Chicago Tribune
LAT: Los Angeles Times
LBJCR: “Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration, 1963–1969: A collection from the holdings of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas” (microfilm)
MIP: Files on the events of 1970 collected by Maurice Isserman, in possession of author
MTR: Museum of Television and Radio, New York City
NLT: Nixon Library Tapes transcribed by author, National Archives, College Park, Maryland
NYDN: New York Daily News
NYT: New York Times
NYTM: New York Times Magazine
PDP: Paul Douglas Papers, Chicago History Museum
PDP722: Douglas Papers, Part I, Box 722, 1966 folder
PPP: Public Papers of the Presidents
RNLB: Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, Yorba Linda, California
USNWR: U.S. News & World Report
WP: Washington Post
WSJ: Wall Street Journal
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: MAYDAY
477 “Ten days ago, in my report”: PPP 139, April 30, 1970; Jonathan Schell, The Time of Illusion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), 88.
478 “We recognize that if we escalate”: “At War with War,” Time, May 18, 1970.
478 On April 24, Laird: Richard Reeves, President Nixon: Alone in the White House (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 198–99.
478 April 25: Ibid., 200. “If I decide to do it”: Ibid., 201.
479 “Fire them all!”: Ibid., 216.
479 May 1 at Kent State: James Michener, Kent State: What Happened and Why (New York: Random House, 1971), 12–22.
480 May 1 at Yale: NYT, May 2, 1970. “New Haven wasn’t a weekend thing”: University of Denver Clarion, May 6, 1970, MIP.
481 A New York Times editorial: “Waste Them,” NYT, April 15, 1970, 42.
481 He had traveled fifty thousand miles: Seymour Hersh, My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1970).
481 Nixon’s May Day began: Reeves, President Nixon, 209.
482 The president, impatient, replied: Ibid.; Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 422.
482 Pentagon staffers mobbed the president: Ibid.; Reeves, President Nixon, 208. Full accounts of the exchange, with extensive quotes, were reported in newspapers including the New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, and Chicago Tribune).&edition=&startpage=W_B29&desc=Nixon+Rips+Campus+%27Bums%2C%27+Lauds+GIs)
482 Nixon took another cruise: Reeves, President Nixon, 209–10.
482 That night, on the strip of taverns: Michener, Kent State.
483 On Saturday, May 2: “Allies Drive Ahead in Cambodia,” NYT, May 2, 1970. Secretary of Defense Laird: Reeves, President Nixon, 211. Bob Hope, the featured attraction: Michener, Kent State.
483 At that very moment, radicals: Ibid., 190–98.
484 “We aren’t no cheap tin soldiers”: Ibid., 227.
484 Perhaps 80 percent: Christian Appy, Working Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 36.
484 Trucking strike: Ibid., 127–30.
484 “In North or South Carolina”: Renata Adler, Canaries in the Mineshaft: Essays on Politics and Media (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2001), 230.
485 “I saw an Illinois car”: Michener, Kent State, 215. “A very pretty girl”: Ibid., 350.
485 “You have enough girls”: Ibid., 253.
485 “The situation at Kent”: Ibid., 199.
485 Sunday morning at Kent State: Ibid., 254–66.
486 Audio of Governor Rhodes to press online at http://www.democracynow.org/article
.pl?sid=05/05/04/1342257 from the documentary Kent State: The Day the War Came Home, directed by Chris Triffo.
487 President Nixon received an urgent: “At War with War,” Time, May 18, 1970.
487 Sunday, eleven a.m. until shooting: Michener, Kent State, 254–66.
488 The Dow dropped 3 percent: Reeves, President Nixon, 215.
488 Two Students, Two Guardsmen: Michener, Kent State, 429, 435–46.
488 Townspeople’s reactions: Ibid., 446–65.
489 A Gallup poll found: Reeves, President Nixon, 226.
489 A rumor spread in Kent: Michener, Kent State, 462.
489 A letter to Life: Reeves, President Nixon, 225.
489 Time had called the Silent Majority: “Hitting Close to Home,” Time, June 5, 1970.
490 Jane Fonda, the actress: Jane Fonda, My Life So Far (New York: Random House, 2005), 241–42; Mary Hershberger, Jane Fonda’s War: A Political Biography of an Antiwar Icon (New York: New Press, 2005), 12–13.
490 UC-San Diego self-immolation: Herbert’s Hippopotamus (dir. Paul Alexander Juutilainen, 1996).
490 Student strike statistics: Reeves, President Nixon, 214. Boston University: Ibid., 214.
490 Finch, Whittier, and Duke: “At War with War,” Time.
490 “The splintered left on the campuses”: “Campus Crisis,” WSJ, May 6, 1970, 1. Burnings at Kentucky, Case Western Reserve, Ohio State, Ohio University, Tulane, closing of twenty-seven California campuses: “Student Strike Continues; 441 Schools Shut,” Pace Press, http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/studentstrike.html. Kentucky, University of Indiana, University of Cincinnati: “College Index” survey and “Urban Research” report, MIP. Miami of Ohio, Carbondale: Strike newsletter, May 12, 1970, MIP. At Colorado State they torched: CSU Collegian, May 11, 1970, MIP. Washington University and University in St. Louis: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 5, 9, 29, 1970; Washington University summary memo, MIP, University of Denver Clarion, May 6, 1970. UCLA: Ibid. Syracuse, Macalester College: University of Denver Clarion, May 7, 1970. Austin students were teargassed: May 8, 1970, Isserman notes, MIP.
491 A National Strike Information Center at Brandeis: Strike newsletters, MIP.
491 A report from Madison, Wisconsin: Handwritten notes, May 5, 6, 1970, MIP.
491 A new tactic developed, blocking traffic: University of Denver Clarion, May 6, 1970; strike newsletter #7. A National Economic Boycott Committee: Newsletter #5, MIP. Quinnipiac College: Yale strike newspaper, May 13, 1970, MIP. Northwestern: Strike newsletter #7. NYU demanded $100,000: NYT, May 8, 1970. Governors’ conference: Strike newsletter #7, MIP.
491 On only one out of twenty: “College Index” survey, MIP. Grinnell: “At War with War,” Time. Oberlin: “Student Strike Continues,” Pace Press. Princeton: James Reston, “Never Complain, Never Explain, Never Apologize!” NYT, May 10, 1970. In New Jersey, even a draft board: Newsletter #7, MIP.
491 Emory’s president wired: Sanford S. Atwood to Nixon, Wade Murrah to regents, n.d., Scranton files, Series 12, Box 58, Emory folder, MIP.
492 Woodstock West controversy: University of Denver Clarion, May 4, 6, etc., MIP.
492 U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, University of Washington: “Urban Research” report, MIP. University of Buffalo: Strike newsletter #7, MIP. Hobart College: Memo on “Tommy the Traveler,” MIP. Julie Nixon’s graduation from Smith: Wells, War Within, 406.
492 At his May 8 press conference: PPP 144, May 8, 1970. “Several small schools in New York”: O’Toole to Loch, staff memo, Series 12, Box 57, Scranton papers, MIP. Al Capp added a new line: “Cappital Punishment,” Esquire, November 1970.
492 In Silver Spring, Maryland: Michener, Kent State, 479. “A hefty man in work clothes”: “At War with War,” Time.
493 In Albuquerque: Ibid.; Hershberger, Jane Fonda’s War, 14; strike newsletter #7, MIP.
493 The account of the hard-hat riots is drawn from George Mason University’s Center for History and New Media’s extraordinary Web site http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/homepage.html, which allows for a minute-by-minute reconstruction of the event.
495 Pete Hamill, who had only the previous: “Hard Hats and Cops,” NYP, May 12, 1970.
495 “I’m doing this because my brother”: “After ‘Bloody Friday,’ New York Wonders If Wall Street Is Becoming a Battleground,” WSJ, May 11, 1970.
495 A bipartisan group of senators: “Bipartisan Senate Group Maps a 3-Pronged Antiwar Strategy,” NYT, May 9, 1970.
496 Haverford College moved: “An Entire College Prepares to Journey to Washington,” WSJ, May 6, 1970. “We can make this system”: “At War with War,” Time. “Let us get twenty million signatures”: SANE full-page ad, NYT, May 17, 1970.
496 One of Ehrlichman’s young aides: John W. Dean, Blind Ambition: The White House Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1976), 29. In the basements of government: Jeremy Varon, Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, the Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence in the Sixties and Seventies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 131.
496 “All we are saying”: “At War with War,” Time. “NIXON WOULD LIKE YOU”: Christopher Russell Reaske, ed., Student Voices on Political Action Culture and the University (New York: Random House, 1971), 94. “Hello, bums!”: Hershberger, Jane Fonda’s War, 14–15. She gestured to the men: Fonda, My Life So Far, 244. “My child was not a bum”: Reeves, President Nixon, 212; Michener, Kent State, 433.
497 Senator Muskie, the Democratic presidential: “They Hope Calm Will Help Cause,” NYT, May 10, 1970. “After a nearly sleepless night”: “Dawn at Memorial,” WP, May 10, 1970.
497 His interior secretary, Walter Hickel: Reeves, President Nixon, 216; Schell, Time of Illusion, 99. Paul Harvey, the sentimental radio: “If the Silent Majority Could Talk What Would It Say,” Esquire, May 1970.
497 “Thinks now the college demonstrators”: H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1994), 164.
497 Hard hats in New York, San Diego, Buffalo, Pittsburgh: Jefferson Cowie, “Nixon’s Class Struggle: Romancing the New-Right Worker, 1969–1973,” Labor History 43 (Summer 2002): 257–83.
498 “Obviously more of these”: Ibid. one hundred thousand marchers on May 20: “Workers’ Woodstock,” Time, June 1, 1970.
498 Rosow report: Cowie, “Nixon’s Class Struggle.”
499 “Every time they burn another”: Robert Mason, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 70.
499 Peter Brennan, and Thomas Gleason: Cowie, “Nixon’s Class Struggle.”
499 “Patriotic themes”: Ibid.